Is Hip Hop Destroying Black America Essay - 1486 Words

Black self-contempt seeping into African American culture is irrefutable, as is the fact that it is misconstrued, unchallenged, and undervalued. The unparalleled intense emotion of internalized self-hatred currently plaguing the minds of numerous Blacks is not an ordinary phenomenon developed from centuries of evolution. It is not a nameless occurrence empty of a coherent justification. It is simply the consequence of an intentionally condemned system of suppression and control. An enormous scheming method used for preserving the present grand image of society. Oh, what treacherous lengths has America traveled to conceal this horrific secrete. As the wealthy, influential, white elites continue to define the standard of true living through†¦show more content†¦Blacks are oblivious of the white dominance operating their lives for they are conditioned to believe the fable of being their own worst enemies. African American’s own violent relations and incidents with their own people simply stand as validations to what they’re unconscious are being fed. These are all the penalties of the mass media structuring our perception of the world. Frankly, basically all information gathered about incidents outside our personal neighborhood travels to us by means of our newspaper, radio, and/or television. By utilizing purposely evolved psychological methods, the media direct our feelings and beliefs. Through, deliberate phrasing of headlines; the choice of words, pictures, and illustrations, the media intentionally highlights and minimize certain point of views. Although obtained through the subconsciousness, all of these factors strongly affect the way in which we construe what we see or hear. The media points us to the â€Å"correct† side of a favor and engineer our imageries of diverse groups of people. We eventually shape images about ourselves based on the media’s portrayal of the group we identify with. Given these evident dynamics, the media has been manipulated for decades by administrative elites to influence public at titude. This media psychosocial program maintains a representation of African Americans that articulates an intense distortion that elevates what is wrong with Black America above allShow MoreRelatedRap Hop And Hip Hop Culture1550 Words   |  7 PagesMost hip hop songs and videos have lyrics and scenes that demean and humiliate women. Showing scenes of violence to women, demeaning them and depicting them as sex objects or subjects of submission to men is Misogyny. Present also is brutality against women descriptions. There have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead More Music Essay - America Needs Rap and Hip Hop1366 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica Needs Rap and Hip Hop Ever since it became popular in the late eighties, hip-hop music has been a target of moral disapproval. Many critics have labeled the music as an offensive, vulgar, misogynist form of expression, which negatively influences its listeners, particularly children. Early in rap musics development concerned citizens and various government officials held protests against the release of certain rap albums. Rap musics opponents demanded strict censorship. ButRead MoreThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 Pages6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural norms and practices in America by the changing of conductRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hip Hop is basically a cultural movement that originated in the Suburbs of cities. It was began to evolve in 1970 and in particular by the Americans who of African descent (American Africans) . Rap is a type of singing. It combines the performance of different rap utter words without committing to a particular tune, and rhythm. Rap began in Kingston, Jamaica City at the end of the sixties as a kind new musical was derived from dancehall. It has spread in the United States at the beginning ofRead MoreEssay on The Globalization of Hip Hop Music1498 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Wikipedia, Hip-hop music, also called rap music, is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, breaking/dancing, and graffiti writing. Hip hop is also characterized by these other elements: sampling (or synthesis), and beatboxing. Hip hop music developed from partyRead MoreHip Hop : A Culture Of Fashion2225 Words   |  9 Pages The term ‘hip-hop’ refers to a complex culture compromising of four elements: deejaying, rapping, rhyming, graffiti painting, and b-boying. These elements incorporate hip-hop dance, style, and attitude. â€Å"Hip-hop originated in the primarily African American economically depressed South Bronx section of New York City in the late 1970s† (Tate, pg.1). Hip-hop is a culture of fashion, language, music, movement, visual art and expression. The genre of hip-hop comes with a very significant history andRead MoreCultural Influence of Hip Hop Rap Essays1955 Words   |  8 PagesInfluence of Hip Hop Rap Hip hop and rap as a musical genre is a very controversial subject for nearly everyone. Its influences are powerful, both positive and negative. There are many positive influences of hip hop, and a few examples are the breaking down of cultural barriers, the economic impact, and political awareness of pressing and urgent issues. Though there are many positive influences, there are many negative influences as well. Some of the more heated debates of the negative influencesRead More Hip Hop Music: East Coast, West Coast, Dirty South, and Midwest Rap3742 Words   |  15 PagesThe beauty of hip hop is that it is malleable. It is not defined by strict boundaries but by multiple characteristics. Young artist J. Cole (2013) explains this best by stating in an interview, â€Å"I think there’s no rules [in rap]. You can say what you want. That’s your poetic license: to test people’s boundaries.† (p.1) The results of such malleability and the need to experiment wi thin the unwritten boundaries of hip hop are the birth of different styles and sectors/scenes in America. These sectorsRead MoreSlavery, Segregation, And Discrimination1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthis most heinous abomination of speech, used throughout history to oppress and dehumanize black people, in fact only perpetuates the trend of removing power from those whose voices society silences. Utilizing the N word gives black people a measure of control over their identities that history stole. Reclamation remembers the odious history of the word and honors the people who lived it, while giving the black community autonomy over their language, history, and selfhood. From a historical perspectiveRead MoreBlack Women‚Äà ´s Identity in American Media and Culture1601 Words   |  7 PagesBlack Women’s Identity in Media and Our Culture When talking about black women’s image in media, what do you think about? Yes there may be many images but are they very many good images of black women. Are these bad images true images? These are all thing that run through my mind when I think of black women images. Sometimes I have to say that yes those bad images are true. I want to explore the different images of black women in Media. Do black women alter their images to look more European

Contemporary Adolescence Fiction Encourages Coping,...

‘Contemporary adolescence fiction encourages coping, survival and acceptance.’ Salinger and Boock both tackle the fears around the question of, â€Å"Who am I going to be, when I become an adult?† The two writers help create, shape and attempt to answer this through the narratives of their characters. The genre of ‘Adolescent Fiction’ gives the authors the opportunity to sculpt the lives and minds, giving their readers a glimpse or a chance to once again reminsce an age period that almost every human would experience once. Within the adolescent period the individual themselves will go through the motions of confusion, survival or coping, and then finally acceptance. But why not mastery? Salinger’s protagonist Holden in Catcher in the Rye strives so hard to remain in a state of mind where the outside ‘Phonys’ can not reach him. Boock’s Dare Truth or Promise third- narrative helps her audience to understand the inner turmoil that arises once two teenage girls named Louie and Willa meet for the first time. Three chara cters are in a race against time. Time becomes their enemy and friend within the two selected texts. It is reason why Holden, Louie and Willa are not able to fully master their own personal fears, instead they learn how to cope with what awaits them. In this essay I will be discussing how Boock and Salinger’s work contributed and enhanced the genre of adolescent fiction. Being a pathway between the loss of childhood and the beginnings of adulthood. Adolescence occurs

Nespresso Case Summary Essay Example For Students

Nespresso Case Summary Essay Tiffany Smith July 27, 2010 The Nespresso case traces the development of the Nespresso System in a 100%-owned affiliate deliberately placed outside Nestle’s main organizational structure. The case also highlights the teams successes and challenges in creating a new, small, niche segment in the mature coffee market and its prospects for growing the business from 150 million to 1 billion Swiss francs within the next decade. The Nespresso system was a radical departure from most Nestle lines of businesses targeted to the mass market; the Nespresso story offers provocative lessons about innovation in large, highly structured organizations. This case speaks about the history of Nespresso’s development and the challenges for its future. The beginning of the article describes Nestle’s strategies for growth through innovation and renovation and describes the management’s practices and views on promoting a climate for innovation. The article then goes on to describe the challenges the company faced as the company tried to grow the Nespresso business towards 1 billion Swiss francs. The Nespresso case touches on opportunity recognition, the characteristics of the corporate entrepreneur, and the necessary organizational structure needed in order to be innovative in this industry. The case also covers the delicate transformation of an initiative from the entrepreneurial stage to institutionalization for sustained growth. The Nespresso machines were highly innovative due to its outward simplicity and masked complexity. The extraction process for the Nespresso machines was considered highly innovative because it incorporated years of research and learning that would be hard for a competitor to replicate without patent infringement. The Nespresso concept helped Nestle to outperform all of their competitors in quality and convenience. Because Nestle held the patent for the Nespresso machines competitors could not copy their invention with committing patent infringement. The aim of the Nespresso product development was to combine Nestle’s research and development strength with its deep knowledge of the coffee business to bring a high quality coffee product to the market. The Nespresso product was established in order to give Nestle a larger presence in the roast and ground segment of the coffee market, while bring quality to the market as well. In the beginning there were a number of technical problems to overcome, but Nestle’s R D organization resolved all issues. The Nespresso product gained support from Nestle’s food service division in the beginning, but was soon abandoned in favor of the office coffee sector. Later the company approached Sobal, a Swiss company, to assist in the distribution in the Nespresso system in offices and other institutions. The 100%-owned Nestle affiliate was established in 1986 in order to speed up the process of seizing the market opportunity in the newly created individual portion coffee category. The company developed its own commercial, distribution, and personnel policies separate from Nestle and was exclusively responsible for promoting products under the Nespresso brand name. A special production line was open in Switzerland at the Nescafe plant in order to produce the coffee capsules for the Nespresso system. The Nespresso system was launched in Italy and Switzerland and by 1987 only half of the machines that had been manufactured had been sold. The company was behind target for the machines and the capsules. There were also other worrying signs so they company had to rethink the Nespresso strategy. They hired Lang who rethought the Nespresso concept. This is where the renovation came in. They shifted the target market to the household market. Lang’s strategy was to position Nespresso away from the more utilitarian office coffee and target consumers at the top of the household market. During this time Lang and his team introduced modifications to the designs, they renovated the coffee capsules to cut down on costs and make them recyclable. .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .postImageUrl , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:hover , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:visited , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:active { border:0!important; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:active , .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075 .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4288d5639c6f0f3b2dff49ca950ee075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast Cancer Treatment EssayBecause they shifted their target market to the household Market Nespresso had to rethink the distribution process. This is when Lang came up with the idea of the Nespresso club, which handle service calls and offered consumers around the clock ordering, prompt delivery of fresh coffee, and personalized advice. The Club was an immediate success and was the first direct marketing experiment within the Nestle organization. As a way to get the product out, the company contract with a few airlines to get them to start serving the Nespresso product onboard their first class long haul flights. Top restaurants were solicited. Under Lang’s leadership, NCS broke even in 1995 and as a result became one of the fastest growing business units in the Nestle organization. Lang made sure to create a climate for innovation in order to keep the Nespresso concept alive, however in 1997 Lang left and William Pronk took the reins. Pronk worked to enhance the customer service side of the business. Pronk established several renovations in order to create customer intimacy, to build long term loyalty and put Nespresso on the road to becoming a meaningful concept in the competitive coffee world. While the Nespresso concept had created and dominated an entirely new gourmet coffee category, several issues still needed to be resolved in order to accelerate growth in NCS. Pronk was concerned about five issues which included: 1) attracting new customers 2) going down market 3) distribution to serve a wider market 4) diversification into non-coffee products and 5) blocking competitors. Although NCS had reached a satisfactory performance, NCS had still fell short of Nestle’s high ambition of 1 billion Swiss francs in sales and the question remained what must NCS do now to reach its ambitious growth targets?

Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Essay Example

Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 Paper Jeremiah Young Period-2nd 11/6/12 Chapter 8 At the beginning of chapter 8, Hawthorne brings back the main characters from the first scaffold scene; Hester, Pearl, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth; as well as representatives of the Church and the State. Also, that underneath the surface action, Hawthorne offers several strong hints concerning the difficult relationships of his characters. In Hesters pleading to Dimmesdale for help, in Pearls solemnly caressing his hand, and in the ministers kiss give you solid hints that Dimmesdale is Pearls father. Hester calls on her inner strength in her attempt to keep Pearl. She argues that the scarlet letter is a badge of shame to teach pearl a lesson and help her benefit from Hesters sin. However, Pearls refusal to answer the question causes the decision of the Church and the State to go against her. Now Hesters only appeal is to Dimmesdale, the man whose reputation she could crush. Pearl once again reveals her wild and passionate nature. In saying that her mother plucked her from the wild roses that grew by the prison door, she goes against both the Church and State. While such an answer seems intelligent for a small child, the reader must remember that Hawthorne uses character symbolism to present meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Letter Chapter 8 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pearls action brings back Hesters audacity on the scaffold when she refuses to name the father of her child. The dual nature of Pearls existence as both happiness and torture is restated in Hesters plea, and this point is taken up by Dimmesdale. The ministers weakened condition and his obvious nervousness suggest how terribly he has been suffering with his latent guilt. Nevertheless, Dimmesdale adds to Hesters plea when he states that Pearl is a child of its fathers guilt and its mothers shame but still she has come from the hand of God. As such, she should be considered a blessing. The minister argues that Pearl will keep Hester from the powers of evil. And so she is allowed to keep her daughter. Those powers of evil can be seen in both the strange conversation with Mistress Hibbins and also in the change in Chillingworth. As if to prove that Hester will be kept from evil by Pearl, Hawthorne adds the scene with Mistress Hibbins. While Mr. Wilson says of Pearl, that little baggage has witchcraft in her, Hester says she would willingly have gone with the Black Man except for Pearl. These evil powers are also suggested by the fourth main character, Chillingworth. The change noted by Hester in Chillingworths physical appearance, now more ugly and dark and misshapen, is a hint that in Chillingworths desire for revenge, evil is winning the battle within him and is reflected in his outward appearance. That Chillingworth is Dimmesdales personal physician and supposedly his friend gives him the opportunity to apply psychological pressure on the minister. Chillingworths comment on Dimmesdales strange earnestness and his statement that he could make a shrewd guess at the father suggest that he may already have decided on Dimmesdales guilt.

How to Address a Stranger

How to Address a Stranger How to Address a Stranger How to Address a Stranger By Maeve Maddox A frequent source of miscommunication is to assume that the people we address attach the same connotation and meaning to words that we do. A case in point is a recent letter-to-the-editor in my local paper. A young man working in a restaurant expressed his frustration at the lack of tipping from the customers he serves. He explained that he is unfailingly polite and still receives few tips. As an example of his courteous behavior, he described the way he greets the people whom he will be serving by saying, â€Å"Hi guys, I’ll be your server tonight.† He made it clear that he never deviates from â€Å"Hi guys† because to him it is a friendly, neutral greeting. Other readers responded to the server’s letter by remarking that he might get more tips if he changed his greeting. The consensus of the responses was that to some people, â€Å"Hi guys† comes across as downright rude. It may be that no neutral greeting for strangers remains in English. â€Å"Dear Sir† as the greeting on a business letter has its opponents: Starting a Business Letter with â€Å"Dear Mr.† â€Å"Ma’am† as a polite form of address for women pleases some, but draws enraged reactions from others: â€Å"Ma’am† and Regional Colonialism NOTE: Nowadays, maam as a courteous term of address for women is regarded as a US Southernism. Objections to it come chiefly from women in other parts of the country. However, dialogue in an old movie I watched recently suggests that this has not always been the case. Set in Boston and produced in the 1940s, the film shows an upper-class character address a young woman as maam in a polite social context. Baby talk and terms of endearment stir passions in eldercare and the marketplace: Hypocorisma Addressing people by their first names because you saw the name on a deposit slip or credit card also has its perils. Most Americans tolerate the practice, but some may resent it enough to take their business elsewhere: A clerk at a store where I used my credit card called me by my first name. I told him that if he wanted me to come back, hed better call me Mr. [surname]. In the United States, food servers and store clerks frequently wear nametags proclaiming their first names. Here are two comments on a forum discussion of the practice of having to wear such a nametag at work: It kind of creeps me out when someone calls my by my first name. Especially when I forget I have a nametag on and a random stranger calls me by name. I would say 95% of the time that a customer ever used my name while I was wearing a name tag, they were using it to demean me and assert their dominance. Even when people are nice about it, its still sort of weird and feels like somebody is sort of invading my space. A reader of the Boston Globe dislikes the telemarketing practice of calling strangers by their first names: I often get calls from telemarketers who begin, â€Å"Is this Alfred?’’ When I respond in the affirmative, they proceed to use my first name. It seems to me that if I were in such urgent need of money that I had to phone total strangers for their help, I would address them as â€Å"Mr.† or â€Å"Mrs.† I might even say, â€Å"Sir.’’ I certainly would not address them as if they were a buddy. Over the years, I’ve found this most annoying. I haven’t been able to find a US poll on the subject, but a poll reported in the Daily Mail indicates that most British speakers dislike the practice: Almost two-thirds of us hate cold callers who address customers by their first name and start conversations with ‘hi’, a study found. Nearly a third of the 1,000 polled said it annoyed them when someone they didn’t know called them by their first name. Not everyone objects to the practice. For example: I only like to be called by my first name. I dont like anyone calling me by my last name. Calling someone by their last name, to me implies some sort of difference in social level. Its not very friendly. As for saluting a stranger with hey or hi, plenty of business prospects will react negatively to marketing emails that begin this way: Hey guys, Hi! Opinions will continue to differ as to what constitutes a courteous manner of addressing a stranger. It’s impossible to please everyone, but a reasonable practice in a business context is to err on the side of formality. Servers and store clerks who cringe when a stranger addresses them by their first names might consider using an alias on their tags. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Social vs. SocietalEach vs. Both

Why I Need to Study Law Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I Need to Study Law - Scholarship Essay Example Education was once a basic necessity provided by the government to its people; it is given a large portion of the national budget. But in our ever-changing world, the government has to withdraw its support for higher education and tuition fees have to be increased. We have to accept the fact that not everyone in our society is given the chance to have the education they need and deserve. I am lucky to have enough education to be the kind of man I am now. I was able to finish a degree in Business and the opportunity to take my chance in taking up Law. The awards and experiences that I had during my earlier years in school will be very helpful in my future days at the university. Being a member of the debates team has taught me to see and analyze situations clearly. I had to think critically before arriving at a conclusion and express my opinions in the best way I can. Challenges are also part of my everyday life at school. To be a committee member of the English Language Society has challenged me to be good at something I am not used to. But the courage to pursue something has become my weapon in order to win the battle. I became a good speaker of the language and now I can communicate and express myself better. Our world now is becoming demanding. And over time, society’s needs and wants change and tend to multiply (McConnell & Brue 2005, p.23). It now requires more knowledge and skills for us to continue our existence.

Air Passenger Duty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Air Passenger Duty - Research Paper Example It is expected that at the end of the paper, there shall be a definitive decision taken by the Welsh Minister on the way forward, as far as air passenger duty is concerned. 2 Background The air passenger duty could be said to be the brainchild of the Holtham Commission, which in 2010 came out with a recommendation to the Welsh Government on the need to make significant adjustments to its existing tax policies, especially those on minor taxes2. As part of the minor taxes to be considered was the air passenger duty. But since its imposition, the air passenger duty has come under intense public, academic and professional debate as to whether or not everything is being done right with the tax in terms of the allotment of duties and whether or not the air passenger duty should continue to exist at all. Currently, the air passenger duty is charged as a levy on a group of passengers tagged as chargeable passengers, using a group of aircraft tagged as chargeable aircraft from a United Kingdo m airport3. Even though the passenger may be the eventual payer of the levy, the duty is actually charged to the owner of the aircraft and thus the operator of the aircraft becomes payable to the Welsh Government. The Welsh Government does not therefore have any direct interactions with the passenger as far as the levies are concerned and it will be noted that even with the operator of the aircraft, the charge of the air passenger duty takes effect once the passenger aircraft first becomes airborne4. Currently, there are no fixed rates of duties or levies cutting across all chargeable aircrafts and for chargeable passengers. Rather, there are variations in the charges depending on the destination of the chargeable... It is worth mentioning however that the air passenger duty is currently non-devolved, meaning that not all countries within the United Kingdom are forcibly obliged to be implementers of the law. For example, it will be noted that in the Scotland and Wales, for example, the United Kingdom government is still undertaking a feasibility study to ascertain the likely effects that devolution would have on these countries; and thus the current study that is being undertaken. As part of the feasibility study and review that is taking place is the consideration on the constitutional and financial arrangements in Wales that would enhance or otherwise detract the successful implementation of the duty. It is therefore expected that by the close of the roles assigned to the commission in charge, known as the Silk Commission, there will be a clear statement on how financial accountability can be improved when the duty is brought into enforcement in Wales. Even more, the package of powers that give a constitutional right for the implementation of the duty shall adequately be considered to ensure that the provisions of the law do not conflict with any existing State legislation. It will be based on the findings that further action will be taken on the devolution of the air passenger duty. As pending is made of the final outcome of the commission’s work, it is important that discussions begin on how the air passenger duty will affect the larger Welsh economy and particularly the air transport industry.